ࡱ> k gbjbj:: *XubXub^D#D#000000008 1T`10@j,2<2<2<2<2333?@@@@@@$ADN%@033333%@00<2<2:@8883*0<20<2?83?88Vo>@?<2MgA4> ?P@0@>TDG8vD?D0?33833333%@%@8333@3333D333333333D#B /:  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY HARLOW 2016 FIELD COURSE IN VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION B4910 COURSE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To offer students the opportunity to study vertebrate diversity on a global and local scale, including extant and extinct species, by introducing them to a wide range of scientific material not available in Newfoundland and Labrador; To introduce new learning techniques through observation, recording and questioning To present students with the opportunity to study vertebrate adaptations for survival and success, in a wide variety of habitats; To provide a balance of visits to museums, live collections, urban and rural locations. To encourage discussion and independent study; To build students understanding of opportunities available in the biological field; To enhance students professional skills, and expose them to new ideas and experiences. Overview of the Field Course The course involves visits to four major museums, The Natural History Museums at South Kensington and Tring, and the Zoology and Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge University. These museums contain world-class collections of extinct and extant vertebrates. We will visit Epping Forest field centre for capture and hands-on observation of live Amphibia, and British small mammals. We will visit London Zoo, Whipsnade Zoo, Bibury Trout Farm and the Crocodile World exhibit to see live vertebrates. We will visit the Fisheries and Aquatic Centre at Shuttleworth College to see live aquatic vertebrates. Finally, we will visit Down House in Kent, Charles Darwins home which gives interesting background to the development of his evolutionary theory, underlying the diversity and adaptation of vertebrates. A visit to Down House also provides the opportunity to appreciate Charles Darwin as a father, husband, son and friend, to view his study, where he wrote On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection and to walk in his footsteps along the Sand Walk, Darwins thinking path. Evaluation: Field Note Book and Blog: 10% for field note book, 40% for blog The field note book (FNB) will contain a detailed written record of each visit to be completed on site. FNBs will be handed in at the end of the course, graded and returned to you before the start of the following course (B4911). The blog will be written within D2L using your FNB as a basis. Blogs will, ideally, be written each evening after dinner, and should be completed within 3 weeks after the end of the course. Research Paper: 40% A paper between 10 and 20 pages long (excluding references and figures i.e. these can be extra); typed (12 pt.), double spaced, and with appropriate references. At least 10 articles must come from the primary literature e.g. current journal articles. The rest can be made up of journal review articles, books and field observations. Topic suggestions will be provided by faculty, or may be determined by any individual student subject to faculty approval. Attendance Students are expected to attend every class. A valid excuse for missing class would be those identified in the Ƶ University Calendar (e.g., sickness, family emergency etc.). Missing a class due to the consequences of recreational activities during your free time or oversleeping, for example, are NOT valid reasons for missing classes and will lead to a 10% reduction in your overall grade, for each class missed. Assessment Guide Field Note Book Although we now have new technology such as smart phones and digital cameras that allow us to record many different things, the field note book remains a staple of the scientist. It does not run out of batteries, and special papers and pens can be used to record observations in all types of weather. The FNBs should be set out in a logical order. You should start each entry with a record of day, date, destination, mode and duration of journey, time of arrival, weather (if outside). Your goal is to provide yourself with an overview of what you saw at each destination, coupled with more detailed notes on exhibits or animals that particularly interested you, or were relevant to your research or observation paper. As well as using the signage at each location as a source of information try to make your own assessments of what you are seeing. For example in the zoos you might want to record the behavior, appearance, food preference, general demeanour or some other aspect of what you are seeing. You might record your impressions or deductions about a particular animal or exhibit. Maybe there will be a keeper nearby that will provide you with information. Dont be afraid to ask the people who care for the animals at the zoos will be only too happy to discuss their charges with you. If you have any unanswered questions about anything you have observed, write your question down dont trust to memory!! You will be seeing so many interesting things that by the end of the day you will have forgotten any questions that might have occurred to you in the morning! Recording and follow-up are key to a good FNB. We will assess your FNBs early in the course and provide feedback to help you improve your observational and recording skills. Blog Your blog the place for you to recount your daily observations in more detail. This is where your FNB will come in handy - with so much information to see at each site it is easy to forget things. The blog is where you can use your interpretative skills and writing style to tell a story of the days events. The scientific information that you have gathered throughout the day should be front and centre, but you can also add your own flare or put personal touches in there. That being said it should not be a fun things I did on my holiday type of account. A good blog is split up into paragraphs, plus photos or diagrams add to its appeal and provide a great record of your daily explorations. You might want to incorporate design features, different fonts or headings. However, what we are primarily looking for is an account that shows your interpretation and understanding of the scientific content of each site visited. In order to make sure each of your blogs is somewhat different we will suggest a particular group of animals to focus your attention on and that you will encounter at several locations during the field trips. While your journals (and blogs) give a good general overview of your trips, these foci are designed for you to study one group in detail, and for you to hone your observational, interpretative and recording skills. While the majority of the information you include in your blogs will be made up directly of your observations and recordings, you may reference other articles that you look up if you feel they are essential to help explain your observations. To help you, we have included examples from a previous good blog. Suggested Foci 1. Carnivorous mammals 2. Nocturnal animals 3. Ungulates 4. Arboreal animals 5. Primates 6. Predatory birds 7. Cold climate animals 8. Camouflage skin/coats 9. Non-amphibian-amphibious animals 10. Cetaceans 11. Pinnipeds 13. Primates 14. Teleost fish 15. Marine invertebrates 16. Warm climate animals 17. Amphibians Research Paper The paper is worth 40% of your overall grade and is due in no later than July 20th 2023. Please submit them to the D2L dropbox. You should start work on your research paper as soon as possible. If you do this, you will have ample time to research and produce a paper. Do not leave it to the last minute. Take a look at the titles offered. We will discuss these in more detail on the first day of classes, when we will ask you to submit a list of your top 3 preferred topics. If a number of people choose the same title we will endeavor to assign you your second or third choice. The objective of these papers is for you to explore some aspect of vertebrate biology in more detail, become familiar with the current literature and use this is construct an interesting and innovative discussion of the topic. These notes are designed to give you some ideas of what we are looking for when you write your papers. 1. Papers should be a maximum of 20 pages double spaced (not including diagrams, pictures and the reference list) 2. Papers should contain a minimum of 10 citations from the current literature. The current literature refers to journal articles, not books or web pages! You can use books, web pages and notes from your field trips in addition to the required 10 (minimum) current journal articles. Citations should be written in your text as (Smith, 1999), or (Smith and Jones, 2001) or (Smith et al., 2005) when there are 3 or more authors. However in your reference list spell out all the authors names, the title of your article and the journal citation. Example Bernatis, J.L., Gerstenberger, S.L., and McGaw, I.J. 2007. Behavioural responses of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, during feeding and digestion in hypoxic conditions. Mar. Biol. 150: 941-951. 3. Papers should flow in a logical order starting with an Introduction section, which tells the reader what the essay is about and how it is laid out. You should then follow the plan laid out in your introduction, ending with a conclusion or summary section. 4. We would prefer to see a more focused discussion of a few aspects of the biology of your animal or group of animals rather than a broad survey where you try to include everything! What makes a good research paper? 1. An introduction - tell the reader what you will be covering in your paper, and introduce the area and the specific points you will discuss. Ideally it should not take more than a page to introduce your topic. 2. Break the paper up into readable units. Make use of headings, and even sub-headings as you move through the topics you intend to cover. Not only does this make it easier for us to assess than one long essay, it also forces you to discuss things in a logical order. 3. Use figures where appropriate. Often, a concept that is difficult to describe can be made clear by the inclusion of a figure, photograph, or graph. That being said, this is not a photo journal, so include figures just where they enhance your discussion. 4. Use the current literature. Using a search engine such as Google Scholar or Web of Science can help you locate articles in your chosen area. Rather than a book-type essay where you include a broad but not very detailed synopsis, we would rather see a more in-depth discussion of a specific area. 5. Make sure that you have listed in your References section all the references you have cited in your paper, and vice versa that all the references in your References section appear in the text of your paper. 6. Please see an example of one of the better essays from one of our previous classes Suggested Research Paper Titles 1. Comparative morphology, ecology and sensory biology of nocturnal birds 2. Lemurs of Madagascar Niche partitioning and effects of habitat destruction on future survival 3. Comparison of North American mammal species with their European counterparts e.g. moose, wolf, bison, lynx 4. Evolution and adaptive radiation of camouflage in mammals 5. Adaptation of penguins for an aquatic lifestyle comparative morphology and physiology 6. Contributions of zoos, museums and listed buildings to animal diversity and conservation 8. The Urban animal: Are we creating a new subspecies? behaviour, adaptations and biogeography. 7. Zoogeography of the Felidae: Review of subspecies and the future for conservation of endangered big cats 8. A comparison of the morphology, physiology and behaviour of cetaceans and pinnipeds 9. A comparison of the evolution of, and locomotion in, flightless birds 10. Amphibian adaptation and survival in a changing environment 11. Comparison of the mechanisms of evolution of flight in vertebrates 12. Fish fins, theyre not just for propulsion the use of fins for mate attraction, predator avoidance, camouflage etc. 13. Evolution/adaptive radiation and use of colour in birds 14. Evolution/adaptive radiation and use of colour in fish 15. Adaptations for benthic and pelagic lifestyles in fish 16. Bats: Diversity and reasons for successes and declines of species 17. Small British rodents: Comparison of morphology, behavior and habitats, reasons for decline and successes 18. Humans their role in vertebrate extinction 19. Evolution and extinction of the mega-mammals 20. Money from fish - advances in breeding, farming and recreational uses 21. Amphibious reptiles - specializations for life in the water 22. Adaptations for life in extreme environments e.g. polar areas, deserts, deep sea 23. Hybrid animals Biology, uses, impacts on the environment Form to evaluate research paper Introduction why have you chosen this animal/group of animals and this specific topic Sections List the sections you will break your paper down into and why Conclusions What will this include it is necessary that your topic have a conclusions section? References Although you should use a minimum of 10 references in your plan we would like to see the three key papers you will use in your paper B 4910/ O 4923 - Tentative Schedule May 2023 Friday 28th April Arrive in UK and Welcome from Harlow Saturday 29th April Settle into Harlow groceries etc. Sunday 30th April On Campus course introduction and learning objectives (10am start) Monday 1st May Burton Tour of London NOTE: Sunday and Monday are interchangeable and weather dependent. We will go into London on the best of the two days, according to the weather forecast on Sunday morning Tuesday 2nd May Natural History Museum, London Wednesday 3rd May Shuttleworth College Thursday 4th May Whipsnade zoo Friday 5th May Crocodile World, Bibury trout farm and Cotwolds WEEKEND Monday 8th May London zoo Tuesday 9th May Tring museum Wednesday 10th May Cambridge University Thursday 11th May Epping forest field centre Friday 12th May - Down House and wrap up Agenda Sunday 30th April 1. General Introductions Introduce yourself to the class, what degree are you taking, where are you from We will all do this. 2. Trips An introduction to each venue. We will discuss the strong and weak points. What to look out for and what sort of projects each venue is best suited for. 3. Skills and learning objectives We will discuss why this course is different and what skills and learning objectives we hope you will develop 4. Field Note Book We will discuss what we are looking for in a good field notebook, how to take notes and how to tackle each venue. 5. Blog We will discuss how to construct a good scientific blog 6. Research Paper We will go over all the aspects of this, including topic titles, how titles will be assigned, how to plan and write a good research paper LUNCH 6. Titles - detail We will cover each title in detail, discuss which venues are best for the paper and direct you towards possible ideas. At the end you will give us your top 3 choices of observation areas for your blogs and your top 3 choices for your research paper titles 8. Mock Exhibit We will set up a mock exhibit. You will go around each of the sites and make notes (field notes) on each of the exhibits. You will have 1 hour to complete this. 9. Discussion of field notes We will take a look at your field notes and give you feedback 10. Assigning of paper titles 11. Wrap up and any other questions TRIPS Week 1 1.Burton Tour of London See separate handout 2. Natural History Museum London Train into London, underground and a short walk. This majestic building is situated in the heart of London. Lots of different exhibits, in different parts of the building. NHM houses the best collection of dinosaurs so be sure to visit the dinosaur gallery and also the stegosaurus, located at the base of the escalator into the Earth Hall. Check out the Cocoon with lots of interactive exhibits. The collections are spread out, so plan your day and visit all the relevant areas of this large building. The collection of marine mammals on the upper level of the Mammal Hall is impressive, and there are often specialty exhibits. This place is very popular with the public and with schools - it will be busy 3. Shuttleworth College This will be a one hour coach trip this is a new venue we have not been here before What to expect - This is a College site, which specializes in applied degrees. It has a working farm, working zoo and an aquatic centre (aquariums, aquaculture and fishing lake) which we will be visiting. This day is aimed at University students, there will be a lot of detailed information and hands-on stuff. Think of some questions to ask the Professors. You will be outside for some of the time so dress appropriately. Waterproof jackets would be helpful and it may be muddy. Lots of notes and things to see. 4. Whipsnade Zoo Whipsnade Zoo is about an hour bus ride from Harlow. The animals are maintained outside in large open enclosures and every attempt is made to keep the enclosures as natural as possible. The zoo covers a huge area (~600 acres) so plan on doing a lot of walking! Whipsnade is an excellent place to see mammals, including the large mammals (mega-mammals). There are a number of animal shows including the lemur breakfast and sea lion and bird of prey shows. The zoo is outdoors and on top of a hill side. It can get windy and wet, so make sure you have the appropriate clothing. There are mara and wallabies freely roaming around so watch out for poop and wear appropriate footwear. This zoo is focused on mammals and birds, and is more limited than London zoo when it comes to displays of fish, amphibians, and reptiles. 5. Crocodile World, Bibury trout farm and the Cotwolds This is a long day - we will leave early and travel about 2.5 hours by bus, and we should be back by about 8pm. The first stop is Crocodile World. This is a conservation facility, and their ultimate aim is to have a representative of every crocodile species in the world. We will spend about 3 hours here. Check out the different crocodile species and large lizards. There are lots of informative signs. You will get a detailed talk and also be able to handle some of the animals, so you should be able to get a lot of notes and information from this trip. It is very warm inside, so dress in layers that you can take off. Bibury Trout Farm is about a 20 min drive from Crocodile World. It is one of the oldest and largest trout farms in the UK. You can see the different breeding ponds, the hatchery and maybe catch a glimpse of some huge trout in the river. These trout are used as stock fish for recreational purposes and for food. We will also visit the famous Arlington Row in Bibury - woolen mill cottages dating back to the 13th century. Bibury has been described as the most beautiful village in Britain. We will spend about 1 hour in Bibury. Cotwolds - Crocodile World and Bibury are situated in a part of Britain called the Cotswolds, which are a series of rolling hills encompassing the counties of Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. This is designated as an area of outstanding beauty where old villages and buildings are preserved and new building is strictly regulated. From Bibury we will move on to Bourton on the Water. This is an example of an old Cotswold town that has been preserved and reinvented as a tourist attraction. A chalk stream flows through the village (look out for wild trout) with shops on either side. If you want to buy gifts or souvenirs this is the place to do it. We will spend about 1 hour here. If we have time and if there is interest we will finish off our visit with a trip to Stow on the Wold, an ancient market town that sits atop a hill. As you move onto Biology 4911, remember this town. This is Britains farming heritage, where farm markets and country fairs dating back to 1107 were held. The town is an important historic site of the wool industry. Sheep and horses would be brought into the town square on market day and sold. Look for the lures - narrow passages that would guide the sheep into the market square. The town still has the old stocks and many old buildings dating back to the Middle Ages. Week 2 8. London Zoo Travel by train, underground and some walking Unfortunately due to logistics this trip has ended up being on the Coronation bank holiday so the zoo is likely to be crowded. This is a world renowned zoo with extensive collections of birds, smaller mammals, fish, reptiles and amphibians (the large mammals have been moved from London Zoo and are now all housed at Whipsnade). Exhibits are both outdoors and in specialized houses e.g. The Reptile House, the location where Harry Potter first talks to a snake! You will be doing a lot of walking today so wear comfortable shoes. To ensure that you dont miss exhibits, get a zoo map and plan your day, as some animals are placed out of the way 6. Tring Museum of Natural History Tring is about an hours travel by bus. The museum itself is set in the small town of Tring. Excellent museum of preserved specimens from each vertebrate group and a fairly extensive collection of insects. Tring is very good for comparative projects showing examples of different species side by side. The museum itself is situated on 3 floors. Make sure you budget your time so that you can see everything. It might be a good idea to just quickly check out each floor before you start exploring the museum in detail. There are a lot of specimens and sometimes some special exhibits. Depending on the day or the weather is poor it can get busy and crowded 7. Cambridge University Early start - 1 h train ride and a half hour walk through town. Zoology museum This was renovated about 5 years ago and has an extensive collection of animals. It is a teaching museum Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences The Sedgwick is laid out in time periods. You will find lots of material showing evolution of life on earth, fossils, plate tectonics and large extinct mammals. Dont miss the section on Darwin and his rock collection. We will be in the museum for about 3 hours, so budget you time, maybe take a quick look through the museum first so you can decide on which areas you wish to concentrate. After the museum we will visit the Eagle pub where Watson and Crick used to drink after a hard day in the lab, and where Crick exclaimed that they had found the secret of life! If you would like, you can try a DNA beer. After lunch we will visit the University grounds and discuss the difference between the British and North American University system. You may wish to stay longer in this beautiful and historic town and explore the town and University or go punting on the Cam. Make sure you dont miss the last train home (about 10.30pm). 4. Epping Forest Field Centre The field centre is about 30 mins from the Harlow campus by bus. The centre has classrooms, but you will also be outdoors This is a hands on experience collecting British amphibians and small mammals. Both classroom instruction and field collections. You will be outdoors for some time so make sure you bring warm or waterproof clothing as required. You will be walking outdoors in the forest, so wear clothes you do not mind getting dirty. 10. Down House Our final day will be a visit to Down House. This is about an hours bus ride. There is a self-guided audio tour around the house and gardens, but no photography is allowed inside the house, so once inside, you will be relying on your field note book. Upstairs, there is a lot of information on Darwins family, his background, and his scientific work other than On the Origin of Species. Try to get a full picture of the scope of Darwins research. Outside, make sure you check you Darwin greenhouses and gardens where he conducted some interesting experiments. We should be back on campus by about 3pm. 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