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Philosophy of Science: Does Biology proceed "Incrementally" or by "Revolutions" ?

 

    AKA

    Theory of Meaning (, 1905 - 1997)

    "" (Noam Chomsky, 1957)

        Grammatical but semantically meaningless

 

(1889 - 1951)

    (1921) [Text]

        Seven & commentary

(1902 - 1994)

    (1934; 1959)

    (1945)

    Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1963)

    as a

        "All Swans are White" can be disproved

        Cf. failure of Kelvin & Jenkin disproofs of Natural Selection

        & Skeptical Despair of Reason

 

(1922 - 1996)

    (1962; Revised 1970, 1996, 2012)

        "Normal" vs "Revolutionary" Science

        "Paradigms" & paradigm shifts

        (Cf. Copernican Revolution, Quantum Physics, )

 

Incrementalism vs Revolution in Biology

    EA Carlson (2018) How Scientific Progress Occurs

    Kuhn to Carlson: Physics is theory-driven, Biology is descriptive

    For Discussion:

        Charles Darwin introduces Natural Selection

replaces Argument from Design

        Watson, Crick et al. introduce DNA

            Potential for self-replication

            Potential as information molecule

            Molecular Biology of the Gene

                Replaces Mendel / Morgan "Genetics"

        Germ Theory of Disease

 

Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudo-Science, etc.

    Chemistry (17^th cent) vs

    "" physics (1989)

    Acupuncture & traditional Chinese medicine

    Astrology vs Astronomy (16^th cent)

    Natural Selection vs "Intelligent Design" (21^st cent)

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